One of the things we do for professional development in the school where I work are so-called ‘experimentation cycles’, where the team chooses a topic, we pool resources (books, resource packs and blog posts with all sorts of activities on the topic), after which everyone who is interested in the topic picks a few activities and tries them out in class. Finally, we organize a workshop to share the activities we liked.
This post is a summary of one of these workshops, which was focused on Vocabulary revision activities.As I mentioned above, the activities mostly came from books and the Internet, and I’m sure you’ll see here quite a few ideas that you’ve tried too – so if you have a variation that you love, could you share it?
‘Vocabulary revision’ is a very broad term and activities could be very different in terms of what the learners need to do with the words:
am I given something or do I need to retrieve something from memory?
am I given / need to retrieve the meaning or the word itself?
how many times?
Based on these questions, the activities here can be roughly categorized (with some overlap) into four groups (ordered according to how cognitively demanding they are):
recalling the meaning of an item
recalling the item(to be more exact, these are mostly pairwork activities in which one person recalls the meaning of the item and explains the item and/or uses it in an isolated sentence and the second person recalls the item)
Elena Wilkinson shared an activity in which the learners review lexical items learned previously and sort them into three categories: I know, I’m not sure that I know, I have no idea. They then discuss the words in pairs, with people who know words explaining them to those who are not sure / have no idea. The pairs then get combined into groups of four and so on. A variation is to do this activity with the lexical items on slips of paper.
Source: Elena Wilkinson
Vocabulary auction
In this activity the learners review a list of words and expressions and discuss what they mean (a variation: they come up with a definition and an example sentence). Depending on how certain they are, they place a bet on each definition – the bets should add up to $1200.
Once that’s done, the whole class goes through the list word by word. For each word, the team that placed the highest bet explains the word. If the definition is correct, they gain their bet. If it’s wrong, they lose their bet and the chance to define the word is given to a team with the second highest bet. However, if this second team gets the definition correct, it gains the amount the first team bet (e.g. if Team A bet $150 on a word and got the meaning incorrect, Team B, which bet $100 and explained the meaning correctly, will get $150, not $100).
Source: Olga Akimkina
I think this game could work especially well with easily confused words, false friends and lexical mistakes commonly made by the learners in the group.
Recalling the item
Memo (tried out by Olga Akimkina)
In this simple activity the learners look at a list of words/expressions on the board for 30 seconds. Then the list gets erased and the learners try to recall as many expressions as they can (for one minute). They check in pairs – the pair that has recalled the most words is the winner.
Tip. Explain to the learners that they’ll need to recall the words before you display them.
Vocabulary die (tried out by Olga Akimkina and Irina Dubovitskaya)
For this activity you need a set of vocabulary to revise for each pair/small group of learners and a die with tasks (you can create your own dice using this free dice maker). Alternatively, use standard dice and write the tasks on the board (1 = give definition; 2 = draw it, etc).
Tip. Both teachers who tried out this activity found that it worked quite well with ‘concrete’ verbs (see sample images produced by the learners below), but didn’t really work with more abstract concepts like ‘stagnation’.
Source: Olga Akimkina
Crosswords
Polina Safronova shared a nice crossword maker that automatically creates half-crosswords for pairwork guessing games. In this type of crossword student A’s version contains only the horizontal words, while student B’s version contains only the vertical words. The students need to complete their crosswords by listening to their partner’s explanations.
The tool requires registration. Once you’ve registered, the process of creating a crossword is very simple: choose Pairwork crossword and tick I want to make my own:
Type your words (for some reason the words without clues didn’t show up in the crossword, so I simply typed dots for clues) and click ‘Make my crossword‘: Here’s what the resulting crosswords look like – you can print it into a pdf document in order to keep the worksheet for future use:
Banana
In this guessing game (tried out by Evgenia Antonova and Irina Dubovitskaya) the learners pick a slip with a word and say an example sentence, substituting ‘banana’ for the target word. Here are some examples:
Source: Evgeniya Antonova
Walk and swap
This is a variation of the Banana activity which requires only one set of cards for the group and allows the learners to stretch their legs. At the beginning each learner is given one or two cards with words. They get up and mingle to play banana. Each time someone guesses a word on their card, they give the card to that person. The aim of the activity is to swap cards as many times as possible.
Hot Seat
Another well-known simple activity that requires no preparation at all is Hot Seat. The class is split into two teams. Two learners (one from each team) sit with their back to the board. The teacher boards a word. The team explain the word to the person on the chair – the first team to guess gets a point.
Tying out of class revision with classroom activities
One thing that has really grown on me in the past couple of years is using Quizlet for vocabulary learning and revision. Quizlet is a free web service that allows you to create sets of flash cards and then share them with the learners by link. The learners can play a number of games with the flash cards (moreover, if they install the mobile app, they’ll be able to access them even when they’re offline).
The beauty of it is that the site also allows you to print out two-sided cards based on the sets that the learners worked with for homework. For example, here’s a worksheet generated from this set. This makes it possible to play a whole range of games in class based on exact same cards that the learners studied at home, without any extra preparation apart from cutting up the cards and printing the game boards. For a set of game templates that could be used with any set of cards, see this post (where you’ll find nice tic tac toe templates, dots and boxes, variations of snakes and ladders, battleship, blockbusters, Game of the Goose and a few other templates).
Revising multi-word items
Collocation cards
One really simple way to revise collocations is to prepare a set two-sided cards: a word on one card and 3-5 collocations taken from the collocations dictionary on the second side. Each turn, a learner takes a card, looks at the collocations and guess the word. Again, these cards can be prepared using Quizlet – in fact, see here for more examples of Quizlet sets that help learners practice collocations (created by Leo Selivan).
Source: Olga Akimkina
Tic tac toe
Another activity is to put gapped multi-word items on a Tic Tac Toe grid. The goal might be simply to recall the expression or to use it in a sentence to say a truthful fact or opinion.
Tips. If you’d like the learners to be able to check their answers, provide them with empty grids and two-sided cards. A no-cut alternative is to do the activity in groups of three, with one learner checking the players’ answers using a cheat sheet.
Source: Olga Lifshits
Discussion gapfills
Another suggestion, also shared by Olga Lifshits, was to provide the learners with a gapfill in which each sentence is a question. Gapfills can be done with any vocabulary, but they work particularly well with multi-word items where only part of the item is gapped out.
After the learners do the gapfill, they pick 3-5 questions they’d like to discuss with their partner – this won’t necessarily make them use target lexical items in speech, but it will help them to process their meaning more deeply.
Here’s a sample set of questions:
Source: Olga Lifshits
Pelmanism
Pelmanism is a game that allows one to revise two-part expressions (e.g. two-word collocations such as ‘meet + the deadline’, dependent prepositions, such as ‘interested + in’, two-word compound nouns, such as traffic lights, and so on).
Prepare a set of cards for each pair of learners (each expression should be split across two cards). The players spread the cards on the board, blank sides up. Each turn one player turns over two cards – if they form an expression, the player keeps the cards. If the cards belong to different expressions, the player puts them back.
Compound nouns (pelmanism). Source: Olga Lifshits
A lot of teachers avoid this game because it seems too time-consuming and because it focuses only on form without any emphasis on the meaning of the expressions. Here are a couple of modifications that may make it less time-consuming and more useful in terms of language practice:
each turn, a player turns over one card – if they can remember the whole expression, they’re allowed to look for the second card (or, to keep the element of chance, they are allowed to turn over, say, up to seven cards);
each time a player finds an expression, they need to either use it in a sentence (again, telling a true fact or stating an opinion) or ask their partner a question that contains the expression.
Domino
Another activity that allows one to practice two-part multi-word items is dominoes, which can easily be created in a Word document (see a sample Word table below). The players work in pairs or small groups. The learners need to arrange the dominoes on the desk in such a way that they form a circle.
Again, Dominoes is primarily a form-focused activity, but it can be adapted to focus on meaning by asking the learners to make a statement or ask their group a question with an expression each time put two dominoes together..
Collocation dominoes. Source: Olga Lifshits
Using lexis in extended speech
For all activities in this category you need a set of vocabulary cards to revise – these can be prepared by the teacher or pooled by the learners – simply give them 5 minutes to flip their notebooks and coursebooks and put on cards any words and expressions they’d like to start using but haven’t started using yet.
Guess my word
Prepare a set of discussion questions and a set of cards for each pair / small group. Each turn, one learner picks a vocabulary card and a discussion question. Their objective is to talk for a minute about the question and to use the word on their card at some point. The objective of their partner / group is to guess which word was on the card.
A by-product of this activity is that it encourages the learners to use more ‘interesting’ vocabulary, so that the ‘fancy’ word on their card isn’t too obvious. Another reason I liked this activity is that it can be used when each person has their individual set of cards (e.g. I used it with a group of teens who did out-of-class reading and accumulated their own vocabulary sets based on the books they were reading).
Picture-based story (tried out by Evgenia Antonova)
Prepare a set of target expressions, a picture and an opening line of a story (here’s a nice ‘first line generator’). Learners work in pairs or groups of three. Each team picks about 7 cards with vocabulary and a picture. They have about 10 minutes to create a story based on their pictures that uses the words they picked. Here are sample materials that were used with a group of advanced learners (but the activity worked equally well with a pre-intermediate group):
Source: Evgenia Antonova
Gotcha!
The learners work in pairs. One person picks a slip with a word. They ask their partner a question trying to get them to use the word in the answer. The important thing is that their conversation should be as natural as possible: they shouldn’t give the definition or reply with just one word.
Here are some examples of questions that the learners asked to elicit vocabulary items:
Source: Evgenia Antonova
4-3-2 Speed dating
This is an activity that I actually learned only today from Julia Galichanina, another colleague of mine, and I really look forward to trying it out.
Part 1. Give the learners a list of expressions and a list of categories (e.g. ‘Hobbies’, ‘Things I do every day’, ‘Things that aren’t related to work’, etc). Get the learners to decide which words could relate to which category (e.g. ‘occasionally’ could work everywhere, but ‘golf’ is more like a hobby)/ After that, each learner writes several sentences related to each category using target lexis.
Part 2. Split the group into interviewers and interviewees. The learners stand in two circles, with the interviewers in the inner circle.
During the first round (4 minutes) interviewers ask one interviewee any questions related to the categories, and the interviewees need to reply using as many target expressions as possible. The interviewers tick the expressions that the interviewee used. Conduct quick group feedback asking which expressions were used.
The learners go to the next partner and repeat the procedure in 3 minutes.
Finally, with a new partner, an interviewee gives a monologue summarizing their answers to the two interviewees questions.
The interviewers and interviewees swap roles and the 4-3-2 cycle is repeated.
Improv
Finally, here is another nice activity which was shared by Christina Rebuffet-Broadus at her conference workshop at IATEFL Poland:
Going through my notes from the workshop while writing this post, I realized that while I learned a few very useful activities that have since become my favourites, I completely forgot about some of the others. In particular, I’ll definitely be trying out picture-based stories and vocabulary dice.
Are there any great vocabulary revision activities that you’d add to this list?
IATEFL 2015 has kicked off, and – yes, this year I’m attending it. Feeling incredibly lucky and very grateful to my company, without whose support I wouldn’t have been able to go!
Today I spent a delightful day at MaWSIG pre-conference event. There were eight information-packed sessions and workshop focusing on practical hands-on ideas useful for any materials writer, no matter how experienced you are. Below is a brief overview of the day – if you want to find out more, scroll down to detailed summaries.
After a brief introduction by Nick Robinson, Sue Kay gave a session on writing multiple-choice questions. She gave a checklist of potential pitfalls to avoid and shared several very useful slides with suggestions how to reformulate language from the text in the questions.
A theme that came up in two talks was the changing role of ‘non-visuals’ in ELT. Ben Goldstein and Ceri Jones showed that images can be a lot more than just a pretty picture displayed next to the text. They also shared lots of image stocks, as well as tips how to navigate them to get exactly what you need. Later, Kieran Donaghy and Anna Whitcher explored the changing role of video in ELT and shared lots of ideas for activity types that can be used with video content.
Nick Tims gave a wonderful, lively session in which he made a very strong point that whenever you find yourself frequently doing a certain action in several clicks, you should find a tool that does that action in one click. He also shared some great browser extensions that allow you to control and analyze your time spent online.
Another important theme of the day was creating materials that reflect realistic language use. John Hughes shared insight into writing scripts for videos, focusing specifically on the ways to make them sound natural. He also shared some techniques for making scripts interesting, referring to none other than Kurt Vonnegut and his 8 tips for writers. Material writers are writers too! Julie Moore demonstrated how indispensable a corpus is for creating grammar and vocabulary materials – and also talked about the limitations of corpora. Evan Frendo developed the theme further, arguing that for a ESP materials writer the first thing to do is to get insider perspective on what is ‘successful communication’ in the setting they’re creating materials for. Materials in this context will aim to enable the learners to become successful communicators (as opposed to ‘improve their language level’), and consequently a lot of emphasis will be not on language but on intercultural communication.
Finally, Christien Lee told us the story of his (mis)adventures in self-publishing. Along the way, he shared some very useful tips and tools for creating practice tests for high stakes exams – specifically, how to make sure that they are close in difficulty to the original tests.
Below are the notes that I took during the sessions. I decided to put the whole ‘toolkit’ in one post to make things easier to find in the future. As a result, this is one long, long post, so use the links below to come back and explore the summaries of individual sessions. Many of the sessions were very practical and I tried to incorporate that into my notes: when you see [practice], there’s a task to try out. Notes in cursive after (most of the) summaries are my comments.
Session 1 Sue Kay‘Writing multiple-choice questions’.
Abstract: Although I’m an experienced author, this is something I’ve always had a blind spot for. Up to now, I’ve avoided writing MCQs, but I’ve recently had to face my fears and do it anyway for the exam strand of a secondary course I’m currently writing. In this session I’ll describe how, with the help of ELT Teacher 2 Writer’s training modules, I … a) cracked it. b) found it more of a struggle. c) went back to T/F activities. Participants will have a chance to do some practical tasks and leave with a set of guidelines
Sue Kay ‘learnt the hard way’ that there’s a lot to get wrong with multiple-choice questions (though it’s better to call them items as they might not be questions!).
Why use them at all (and why are they the chosen format for exams like TOEFL)?
Advantages:
can be automatically scored rapidly and objectively, esp. when assessing large numbers of students
give support to lower level students who can’t produce much.
Disadvantages:
assess recognition of language, not use
students have high chance of guessing the right answer – plus it’s easy to cheat
The main challenges:
making options difficult enough
making the distractors plausible
adding distractons in the text
What are multiple choice items and the terminology?
Terminology: stem / options/ the key (the correct answer) / distractors:
This is a stem
A a distractor
B the key
C a distractor
How to write them?
[practice]Sue Kay went on to refer us to an example of badly written multiple choice questions trying to identify what’s wrong with them.
Here’s what the editor said about them:
1. C stands out as the correct answer because it’s much longer (TIP: make items consistent in length and style)
2. C is obviously a distractor (TIP: avoid items that are obviously right or wrong)
3. Add the preposition to the stem and adjust the options (Rob thinks that his mother is concerned about..)TIP You should always finish the stem at a logical point, e.g. the end of a clause.
4. The only good one! (TIP: Options of the same length, the same style, no repetitions).
5.
6 Quite easy to choose the correct answer without listening to the passage (knowing that Daniel is an ex-offender).
7. A and D have the same meaning (TIP: make sure items don’t say the same thing or cancel each other out).
8. Again, this question is easy to answer without listening to the interview (TIP: make sure that world knowledge isn’t coming into play).
So to sum up, options should
be plausible
not be too obviously right or wrong
consistent in length and style
not repeat or contradict one another
be clear and easy to process
When to write them?
Write the text and the activity at the same time. Don’t write the text or script first and then shoehorn distractors in.
More tips:
Setting up distractors: reformulating the text in the options
1.
2. [practice] Write a key and two distractors to this text
Here’s Sue Kay’s version. Notice how text is paraphrased in the options.
3. Unreal past
4. Negatives
Further points made by the audience:
Make the language in the options the right level (maybe even simpler than the text)
Test them on actual students and see which one everyone gets right or wrong
Is there any difference between writing MCIs for reading and listening? (In Sue’s opinion, writing them for reading is more challenging; someone else’s point: you have to make sure they are spread evenly or students will miss something while processing the previous question).
Is there any difference between writing MCIs for paper and digital materials? Might be, because for digital materials s/s might have the choice to stop / replay the audio – depending on the purpose of the materials.
A very interesting session! I particularly enjoyed the practical bits: analyzing badly written MCIs and exploring ways to reformulate texts. The things that were particularly surprising for me were the observation that MCI stem should be a finished clause and that you write text and questions at the same time, incorporating distractors into both. Another observation that I found very interesting was the idea brought up by the audience that digital materials are more powerful in terms of teaching objectives as they allow more control on the part of the learners, and that questions might support those teaching objectives.
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Session 2 Ben Goldstein and Ceri Jones ‘Maximising the image in materials design’
Abstract: In this session we aim to equip writers, both new and experienced, with tools and techniques for using and choosing images in their work. We will focus on the use of online image banks, the range of resources available and the different ways images influence the way we write.
Participants will take away:
an insight to how images are sourced in-house and how to influence the process
practical tips for researching and producing effective artwork briefs
a list of links to current state-of-the-art image banks
suggestions for keeping up to date with images and their uses
ideas for using images to inspire and inform the writing process.
The focus of the session:
Focusing mainly on printed materials
How has the role of visuals changed? They used to be purely decorative but now there’s been a shift to making images more central to the learning process (which is clear e.g. if you look at coursebook layout).
How can we fine-tune our search for images to get something very relevant?
Where to get images?
At the moment, material writers have more say in what images to use than they used to. There are budgets for images – so most of the images have to be free/cheap, but sometimes editors will consider buying something more expensive if that’s a central image exploited a lot.
There are four types of image banks:
stock images (e.g. thinkstock – cheap, very commercial, hence used for corporate materials a lot)
creative commons (e.g. unsplash – totally free for any kind of use including commercial; eltpics – non-commercial use free, by teachers for teachers)
photo journalism (e.g. panos – more expensive – a site Ben Goldstein and Ceri Jones have used a lot recently, often very generative of ideas for texts / discussions, sometimes even too controversial)
design/ boutique – very aesthetically pleasing but might be decorative rather (e.g. lens modern)
the fifth source is to take them yourself!
Working with a publisher, you’ll get a list of stocks the publisher works with – this is not exclusive, but if you want to use something else, this will have to be negotiated with the editor.
How to search for pictures?
You get very different results if you play with parameters and filters on image stocks (e.g. on alamy if you pick ‘square’ you get pictures influenced by instragram; you can pick ‘two people’ and so on and so on,)
Points made by the audience:
A lot of stock images are too stereotypical (think ‘doctor’). Ben Goldstein’s answer to that: use more specific search term, e.g. ‘doctor working with a patient’, or adjust parameters (e.g. ‘two people’).
When working with a publisher, there’s a photo researcher who looks for images and you’ll often need to write a description of what image you need.
Tip: it’s mportant to include what you don’t want (e.g. ‘not a lifestyle magazine type of living room’).
Sample artwork briefs:
[Practice] Write the artwork brief that will guide the photo researcher to find the following photo for you:
[a/w brief that Ceri Jones wrote: wide-angled landscape photo showing people at a busy ski-ing resort on a sunny day with blue skies, should show montains and/or forst in the background to emphasise the natural surroundings (the overall theme is man and the environment so we need both elements) and a range of skiers/snowboards, kids etc – overall visual impact should be colourful and dynamic]
Coming back to the role of the image:
Scene setting
Illustrative
Decoragive
Driving force (the image in the right bottom-hand corner has a major role because it creates very different responses – when people realize that’s a golf course..)
Another very interesting session. I particularly want to explore panos to see if there are indeed lots of controversial images that might generate a lot of confersation and follow up on the passing remark to Lonely planet ‘The story behind a photo’ competition – I’ve run a quick search on google and there seem to be quite a lot of sites on that. It was also extremely interesting to learn about the nitty-gritty of writing for publishing houses and see examples of artwork briefs.
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Session 3
Nick Tims ‘A technological toolkit for material writers’
Slides and the handout explaining how to install/set up all tools mentioned in the talk: tiny.cc/mawsig_techtools (also go there to share tools that you find useful as a materials writer – might serve a basis for a future article for MaWSIG!)
mail@nicholastims.info
Abstract: In this session I will present and demonstrate a range of tech-related tools that make me a better and more efficient material writer. This will include discussion of: hardware (set-ups, a few super-useful peripherals), software (applications, web-based customisations, some *superlight* coding), plus a few tips on time-management.
1. Useful hardware
Browsers: if you use Internet Explorer, you really should try something else. Monitors – one is not enough! Nick Tims uses three to switch between apps less(e.g. have answer key on one and the coursebook unit on another). To organize labels on the monitor, try fences.
2. Time-saving software
If you think of anything that you regularly do in more than two clicks on the internet, someone has probably a browser extension (software that extends the functionality of the browser).
Examples:
lastpass (stores your passwords). email a page, shorten your url – all can be done in one click
If you regularly search some service (e.g. Cambridge Dictionaries Online or Shutterstock), you can easily set up your browser to search there directly from your address bar. To set that up, position the cursor in the search box, right click > click Edit search Engine > choose a keyword that you can remember. Voila, now you can search that resource simply by typing your keyword in the address bar.
More: Use snipping tool (Win) / grab tool (Mac) to snip out images.
Texts – get organized!
Save articles / pages you come across on the internet to Evernote. Helps to keep internet materials organized through tags, and also searches through your database when you search on google.
Tip: Evernote seems daunting at first, but actually it is easy! Free in its basic form; premium allows to share things.
Practice exercises: automating boring bits!
Marcos – you can record a series of actions on Microsoft Word and then use one click to perform it. Doesn’t involve coding, takes about 1.5 minutes to write one.
Example: you might have double spaces in your text that you need to remove. Write a macros and do it in one click.
Better still: install Teacher’s Pet – a massive collection of pre-written macros.
Example: pair matching puzzle: write sentences separated by pluses, and in one click you get this:
(At this point the people in the room started to applaud.)
3. Avoiding internet-based disruption
StayFocusd – an extension that limits the time you can spend on a particular site. But don’t lock yourself out for 10,000 hours. 🙂
RescueTime – send you a weekly report analyzing your applications/websites and distraction/productivity time.
Don’t be afraid to kiss a few frogs – try stuff out that doesn’t work.
This was just so so useful! After this talk I really want to make a commitment to time-saving tools and I’m going to research every single tool mentioned in this session. This really is a matter of attitude: I know there are great tools out there, but normally I don’t even spend time to learn useful shortcuts, which alone would save me a lot of time. I’ve heard of some of the tools Nick mentioned and even registered an account with Evernote and installed Teacher’s Pet at some point, but they seemed complicated and I immediately gave them up – but now I see that I really should’ve invested some time there, as there would definitely be great pay-offs in terms of time and organisation.
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Session 4
John Hughes ‘Writing ELT audio and video scripts: From basic principles to creating drama’
Abstract:Audio and video ELT scripts recorded for course materials are often criticised by teachers for their lack of authenticity, overload of target language, dull characters and non-existent plotlines. In part, many ELT writers sometimes share this view but at the same time there are basic principles we need to follow which seem to limit what we can realistically do. In this session, I’d like to explore what those limitations are and then consider ways to write more creatively within them. Participants will work together on some short ELT dialogues and then redraft these scripts by applying techniques used by writers for theatre and film. The session will give novice writers an insight into ELT scriptwriting for audio and video, and give experienced writers the chance to share and reflect on their own approach.
Scripts were around a long time ago and they have come a long way. John Hughes started out by sharing some examples:
The year 1555 – materials for Spanish speakers.
Berlitz:
Audiolingual language laboratories (and there’s a lot of materials available online which resemble this – so, the medium is modern, but the content not so much so):
Shoehorning the grammar point into your texts:
And finally, this one was produced by John Hughes, but not actually written by him: recorded in the street, transcribed and used as materials. This way you’ll discover all sorts of interesting language that you’d never think of if you scripted it yourself.
[practice] Look at the script that’s to be recorded.
what do you like about it?
what criticism could we get from teachers using it? how can it be improved?
Comments from the audience:
Conversation 1:
feels scripted (‘It serves delicious pasta.’ > ‘It’s great’. ‘The pasta is great.’);
quite abrupt: no exponents for politeness (‘excuse me’), no reply to the recommendation;
you need clues that go with it (a map, pointing, etc) – otherwise it will get too difficult to follow, even for a native speaker;
in short, there’s too much target language in it and not enough incidental language.
So, things to consider:
how to achieve balance between target language and incidental language
adding context (e.g. through sound effects)
regular turn-taking? (include interjecting, etc)
number of speakers to include? (more than 3 becomes unmanageable – e.g. for meetings, if you have 4 people, it might get very challenging to make it easy to follow)
names, genders and accents? (to make it possible for the listener to differentiate between people; to address that, include accents in the description of the script)
consider whether your script is stilted
Naturally sounding scripts
These are transcripts of unscripted recommendations that were recorded in the street.
[practice] Here is a transcript of unscripted recommendations that were recorded in the street. Identify features of authentic speech (grammar, vocabulary, discourse, etc):
Comments:
Notice the total absence of the word ‘restaurant’ (place)
Implications: So, if you’re writing a script, which of these do we include? Probably not errors, but definitely fillers?
Comments from the audience
Rachael Roberts: Publishers have said to her ‘you use this word too much’ – yes, but that’s the way we speak!
Evan Frendo: We’re used to teaching written grammar, but this is spoken grammar. People are only just becoming aware of those features (which are features and not ‘mistakes’, e.g. ‘choices which is Italian, Turkish… in the script above isn’t a ‘mistake’).
Ceri Jones: But these features are still being removed by editors.
‘Try it three times’ (the character tries to get something and fails two times). Or maybe seven or eight times, in which case it becomes a bit Fawlty Towers! 😀
Example:
Record the same scene twice: the straight version and the one where things don’t go smoothly – students could compare
Show don’t tell (make it visually interesting).
[practice] Improve this very dull script applying the ‘try it three times’ rule:
Our group came up with:
Make someone refuse Sorry I’m rushing to a meeting. Maybe such and such could help you.
Sorry, I’ve got a bad back.
Think through the characters: what’s going on in their lives? Why do they need to move that box?
John Hughes’s final version:
One reservation voiced by the audience:
But students want simple stuff that they can learn by heart.
Spoken language, spoken discourse and materials that exploit natural communication are my favourite topics ever, so I really like the idea of getting people to record target tasks and then use the language they produce to inform materials/reuse their scripts. I tried a version of this once while creating materials for a Delta lesson – asking two colleagues to chat about inventions that are likely to make a difference in the long run, just to see what modals and functional language would come up in a conversation – and I really liked the results, because I instantly saw some discourse patterns and lexis accompanying target grammar (E.g. ‘that’s very unlikely to happen. Not in a million years‘). I’d love to be able to do this more – though being in non English speaking environment doesn’t help. I can’t walk into the street and ask a passer-by where to eat, so I normally end up searching for authentic language on youtube – more often than not, without much success. So that’s definitely an idea to bear in mind, but I’m not sure how applicable it is to my context. The last part of the workshop, on the other hand, was truly universal, and I loved the ideas that sprung up from the ‘Three tries’ technique, and especially the idea that ELT materials writers should sometimes check out advice for fictionwriters. 🙂
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Session 5 Kieran Donaghy and Anna Whitcher ‘How to write ELT activities for authentic video and film’
used as an add-on, after the coursebook has been created
‘glorified listening’. However video becomes much less effective in language learning if task is only based on non-visual content.
Increasingly, like images, it’s been taking a more central role. Kieron Donaghy thinks that there will be an increasing demand for script writing.
Problems / two sides of the coin:
You choose the video. Huge choice. Looking for a video is overwhelming.
You’re handed a video that you have to write activities for – what activity types to explore?
How to choose the video:
Language learning is greatly enhanced when the film/video is integrated into the syllabus.
Language level
Length: 2-3 minutes (due to attention span)
Relevance to students’ lives, cultural background. If you think someone might be offended by this, they probably will be.
Task potential: video becomes much less effective in language learning if task is only based on non-visual content.
[practice] We went on to analyze the following two videos considering the factors above. Be careful as the first clip contains sexual scenes.
How to exploit video.
The task will depend on the pedagogical objective (normally the objective / outline of the sequence will be in the publisher’s brief – if not, better to ask them if there should be a certain structure).
Pre-viewing
consider what vocabulary to pre-teach
communicative activities
Viewing
General guidelines:
activities should allow the learners stay focused on the video – important not to overload the learners;
hence, activity types: just ticking – nothing involving lots of writing
there could be some ‘listening-type’ comprehension questions – but again, Kieran warns against focusing exclusively on that
Ideas for activities:
Post viewing
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Session 6 Julie Moore ‘Does a corpus have the answer? Corpus tools for ELT writers’
The answer to the question in the title is ‘no’. However, Julia can’t imagine writing without access to a corpus.
What is a corpus and what are corpus tools?
Terminology. Concordance lines: examples of how the words were used in real language use; usually appear with the word you search for down the middle – usually called key word in context. If a sentence you like is cut off, in most tools you can click on it and see more contect.
Why use a corpus?
To answer questions like
how do we actually use must naturally (as opposed to ‘have to‘)? (use concordance lines)
‘beat about the bush’ or ‘beat around the bush’? Which expression to focus on – which one is more frequent in BrE? (frequency analysis)
Do we say keep your temper? (expression originally came from authentic material); to check your intuitions about vocabulary. (collocations analysis tools)
Do you use actor or actress for females? (trends in use – Ngram, COBUILD online)
How to use a corpus?
Grammar: (e.g. ‘how to use must’). Search for authentic examples. Then use them to
get ideas what context to use
use sentences directly in exercises
or (more frequently) reformulate sentences (to grade language)
Vocabulary: collocation searches – see what words a target word is used with. E.g. a search for temper returns control your temper; keep your temper is there, but exploring examples we see that it was used in phrases, e.g. keep your temper in check – so the answer to the question ‘do we say ‘keep your temper’? is probably no.
Phrases and chunks:
Julia showed an example of search on ‘beat around/about the bush’ on sketchengine. Tip: use settings for search for widest possible range – to get as much information as possible. This particular search returned some interesting variability, e.g.: Don’t tease too much about the bush.
What is corpus not good for?
It’s difficult and time-consuming (though possible) to search for language features that don’t involve specific lexis. E.g. to find about present continuous for future plans you’ll have to wade through all examples and see which ones are used for future plans.
Copyright issues: OK to use short, unidentifiable chunks/sentences, but when you’re looking for examples of discourse markers, you need 2-3 sentences and you can’t steal it. But you could still inform yourself but not copy it.
Not good for learning any info if the type of corpus you’re using doesn’t represent the kind of language you need!
Things to consider: spoken vs written? genres? AmE vs BrE? expert vs student?
Not to be followed blindly!
>Question surprising results (to return to the example given above, yes, keep is a collocate of temper – but when you question that, you explore examples, and then understand that it’s only used in longer phrases);
> You only get what you search for! (If you say ‘went on foot’, you’ll get that from corpus and miss the more frequent walk to work
>there aren’t always clear-cut answers
Where to get access?
Ask your publisher
Free open corpora: normally they’re free because there are some issues. COCA (great, but only American English), SKeLL (tools are somewhat limited), BAWE/BASE
Subscription corpora: Sketch Engine, Collins Corpus – will be released soon
But also:
Textchecker English Vocab Profile shows which words in a text belong to which levels (could be used e.g. to remove too difficult vocabulary); AWL, Oxford 3000 is similar
Usage trends
Ngram, COBUILD online
Dictionary DVDs e.g. Cambridge advanced learner’s dictionary allows to run advanced searches – could return indispensable information.
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Session 7
Evan Frendo ‘Tailor-making materials from an ESP author perspective’
Abstract. Lots of teachers talk about tailor-making materials to suit particular groups of learners or a particular client: in ESP it is considered normal practice. Tailor-making materials involves understanding the learner’s context and priorities, and it also involves analysing the target discourse and working out what the key language is. In this session I will introduce some materials I have helped design for corporate clients, and discuss some of the thinking that went in to the development.
Some of the biggest differences between creating ESP materials for corporations and coursebook writing:
Language needed for the learners can be very specialized (IT specialists creating software for oil industry will need vocabulary from oil industry – so there cannot be a universal course ‘English for IT specialists’); material writers spends a lot of time trying to understand company discourse.
PARSNIPS. Coursebooks are politically correct so you might not be able to use some terms. e.g. PIG = pipeline inspection gauge but publishers won’t have the word in their materials (although professionals in Saudi Arabia obviously do use it!)
Learning centered, not learner centered. Paid by the corporation, goal: to help learners do their job better
In ESP we bridge the gap – find out what learners need to do their job, where they currently are and where they need to be. This gap is not ‘the gap between B2 and C1’. This gap is not ‘learning to create Steve Jobs style presentations’. You cannot bridge that gap without researching the company.
So what can this gap be and how to research it?
Research lexis. Working with a corpus of texts produced by the company. Tools: e.g. Wordsmiths tools. The concept of ‘lexis level’ shifts: general English C2 vocabulary will probably be very high frequency in workplace setting.
Research typical situations and intercultural communication issues.Get stakeholders to provide you with insight. Technique: Record a real phone conversation, get the participant to comment on how typical it is and keep asking yourself about each bit of insight: so what in terms of training.
Research genres. Example: What do people in this company mean by a successful presentation? in some companies presentation slides are used as documentation, so the conventions for the genre are totally different from ‘standard presenting advice’ found in all BE coursebooks.
English as a lingua franca. ‘I don’t actually care whether something is correct or incorrect. As long as the meaning is not distorted. Sources of miscommunication: not a lack of vocabulary (you can always ask), it’s vocabulary used in different ways by speakers from different cultures (do Americans and the Japanese mean the same by the word contract?)
Not all language at work is language about work. Some research says, it’s 50/50 content/interpersonal communication. So, small talk is a hugely important component of the course.
One-sentence summary: when teaching in company, get insider perspective on what successful communication in this setting is.
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Session 8 Christien Lee ‘Adventures in self-publishing’
crclee+iatefl@gmail.com
Christien is currently creating a book that he wants to self-publish and he’ll share his story. The correct title for this talk is ‘misadventures in self-publishing’. 🙂
Session outline:
1. What shall I self-publish? Why? How? Where?
2. How to write good quality content?
3. Developing the online component
4. Final thoughts / next steps
What shall I self-publish?
Christien’s background is in testing, which means tough competition. He went for Canadian test, where there’s a lot less competition. There were already practice test books, so he decided to create a self-study guide. He spent several months creating materials and then organized some workshops to test his materials with students, and the response was absolutely awful, as it turned out that in fact all the students wanted was practice tests! So all the time spent researching for the self-guide had been wasted.
Why online component? Stops students from buying one book and sharing it. The plan: the book comes with an access code to an online component which has the key and the answers.
Why self publish?
No guarantee that your publication will be accepted by a publisher (especially for a niche topic)
You’ll get published a lot sooner
Potential return of up to 70% (as opposed to royalties from publishers, which also come after quite a long time).
Why not self publish?
No guarantee I will make money (right now the project is running up to 1000GBP to produce)
A lot of editing work involved.
How to handle editing, book layout, audio, and so on?
Do it yourself (Christien mostly does scripts himself).
Use crowdsourcing / freelancers. But you have to make sure you trust the freelancer and ensure quality (e.g. for audio).
Friendsourcing – which also means networking with your friends.
complexity (in terms of ‘how many clauses in a typical sentence?’),
topic or subject,
testing point,
distractor patterns (it’s wrong because it.. what? contradicts the passage? ..?)
E.g. original passage about a match. Christien introduces a text about another Canadian species and ensures that the aim of each paragraph is the same (introducing what the species is, etc)
the difficulties and costs in terms of the website
he had to put things on hold and got unexpected interest from publishers, so he’s exploring other options.
I really enjoyed Christien’s ‘story so far’ and I really hope that it will have a very very happy ending! My most important take-aways from this session are the need to do market research/piloting ideas as soon as possible before investing lots of time and effort in them. What I found particularly fascinating is was his ideas for grading texts to make them match commercial exams as closely as possible. I’d always assumed that the only way was to try materials on students and collect huge amount of statistics and it was very interesting to see ways to make some short cuts there.
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So, the outcome of MaWSIG PCE? A treasure trove of tips and links to explore and some bits of very interesting insight into the world of publishing. I don’t remember when I last learnt so much in one day. What a great event!
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Click here for an overview of all my write-ups from IATEFL 2015.
Here’s what the resulting crosswords look like – you can print it into a pdf document in order to keep the worksheet for future use:
Olya Sergeeva's ELT blog 
